Bones
1.1.3 - State the four types of bone.
1.1.4 - Draw and annotate the structure of a long bone.
1.1.5 - Apply anatomical terminology to the location of bones.
Types of Bones
Long bones are longer than they are wide. ie. femur, humerus
Short bones are as wide as they are long. ie. carpals, tarsals
Flat bones have a broad, flat shape. ie. cranium, scapula
Irregular bones do not have any of the other regular bone shapes. ie. vertebrae, sacrum
Long Bone Structure
Diaphysis - Shaft/midsection of the bone consisting of mostly compact/hard bone. Compact bone is relatively solid and dense. Has few spaces and is also found in the outer layer of most other types of bones.
Epiphysis (Proximal & Distal) - Made up of cancellous or spongy bone. Cancellous/Spongy bone has an irregular latticework structure (like honeycomb) where there are many spaces. It is also found in short, flat, and irregular bones. Red marrow is stored there, blood cell production occurs here.
Articular Cartilage - Thin layer covers the ends of the bone where they articulate with other bones to form joints. The main functions are to reduce friction between the bones and absorb shock.
Periosteum - This forms the outer lining of the bone and is important for bone growth, repair, nutrition, and attachment of ligaments and tendons.
Medullary (Marrow) Cavity - Space within the diaphysis where yellow bone marrow is stored. There is a small opening in the diaphysis called the nutrient foramen. Blood vessels pass through here, enter the medullary cavity and provide the marrow and compact bone with blood and nutrients.
Anatomical Terminology used to Identify Locations of Bones
Superior - towards the head (above)
Inferior - away from the head (below)
Proximal - near to center of the body
Distal - away from center of the body
Medial - midline of the body
Lateral - side of the body
Anterior - front of the body
Posterior - back of the body